{"id":272,"date":"2025-02-09T10:01:00","date_gmt":"2025-02-09T09:01:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ewalandowska.com\/?p=272"},"modified":"2026-02-09T10:11:23","modified_gmt":"2026-02-09T09:11:23","slug":"krotka-historia-litery-lacinskiej","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/ewalandowska.com\/?p=272","title":{"rendered":"Kr\u00f3tka historia litery \u0142aci\u0144skiej"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Niniejsza ksi\u0105\u017cka jest pr\u00f3b\u0105 chronologicznego uporz\u0105dkowania podstawowych styl\u00f3w pisma, powsta\u0142ych w obr\u0119bie litery \u0142aci\u0144skiej na przestrzeni ostatnich dw\u00f3ch tysi\u0119cy lat. Polska literatura jest niestety bardzo uboga w publikacje o tematyce paleograficznej, bo w\u0142a\u015bciwie wymieni\u0107 mo\u017cna jedynie dwa tytu\u0142y:&nbsp;<em>Paleografi\u0119 \u0142aci\u0144sk\u0105<\/em>&nbsp;W\u0142adys\u0142awa Semkowicza z 1951 roku oraz&nbsp;<em>Zarys dziej\u00f3w pisma \u0142aci\u0144skiego<\/em>&nbsp;Aleksandra Gieysztora z roku 1973. Data publikacji rzeczonych ksi\u0105\u017cek, bardzo zreszt\u0105 warto\u015bciowych, sugeruje, i\u017c wielce po\u017c\u0105dana by\u0142aby na rynku polskim zaktualizowana praca o tej tematyce. To jednak pozostaje zadaniem dla historyk\u00f3w i paleograf\u00f3w.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">W swojej ksi\u0105\u017cce, jak wspomnia\u0142am, staram si\u0119 \u201ejedynie\u201d przedstawi\u0107 chronologi\u0119 podstawowych styl\u00f3w pisma litery \u0142aci\u0144skiej, pocz\u0105wszy od pisma rzymskiego po czasy wsp\u00f3\u0142czesne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pomijam jednak zagadnienie druku. Interesuje mnie transformacja litery pisanej \u2013 zar\u00f3wno kodeksowej (ksi\u0105\u017ckowej), jak i codziennej, dokumentowej. Zreszt\u0105 pomimo wynalezienia druku, oko\u0142o roku 1450, litera pisana wci\u0105\u017c by\u0142a powszechnie u\u017cywana i nieprzerwanie do XX wieku ulega\u0142a transformacjom, sprowadzaj\u0105c do \u015bwiata kaligrafii przepi\u0119kne style pisma, cho\u0107by kursyw\u0119 humanistyczn\u0105 czy kursyw\u0119 angielsk\u0105. Okre\u015blenie \u201ejedynie\u201d, kt\u00f3rego u\u017cy\u0142am kilka zda\u0144 wcze\u015bniej, sugeruje, jakoby by\u0142o to zadanie b\u0142ahe czy wr\u0119cz proste. Nic bardziej mylnego. Nie by\u0142oby bowiem przesad\u0105 stwierdzenie: \u201eburzliwe losy litery \u0142aci\u0144skiej\u201d. Ka\u017cda epoka owocowa\u0142a kilkoma podstawowymi stylami pisma, te z kolei cz\u0119sto mo\u017cna podzieli\u0107 na wiele odmian, a kategoryzowa\u0107 ze wzgl\u0119du na czas (wiek), miejsce (odmiany krajowe), skryptoria (o\u015brodki pi\u015bmiennicze), przeznaczenie (ekskluzywne ksi\u0119gi lub powszechna dokumentacja) itp. Cz\u0119sto te\u017c r\u00f3\u017cne style pisma wp\u0142ywa\u0142y na siebie nawzajem, tworz\u0105c r\u00f3\u017cnego typu bas\u00adtardy (bastarda gotycka, czyli ta najbardziej popularna, to tylko jeden z wielu styl\u00f3w nosz\u0105cych tak\u0105 nazw\u0119), a tak\u017ce pisma przej\u015bciowe na styku dw\u00f3ch epok \u2013 mijaj\u0105cej i rodz\u0105cej si\u0119. Powoduje to niema\u0142y zam\u0119t, gdy pr\u00f3buje si\u0119 chronologicznie uporz\u0105dkowa\u0107 liter\u0119 \u0142aci\u0144sk\u0105. Dla ka\u017cdej osoby urzeczonej kaligrafi\u0105 i histori\u0105 litery, a zw\u0142aszcza dla tych pasjonat\u00f3w, kt\u00f3rzy szkol\u0105 w sobie umiej\u0119tno\u015bci kaligraficzne, niezwykle istotna jest wiedza na temat u\u017cywanego stylu pisma. Mo\u017ce ona bowiem wp\u0142yn\u0105\u0107 na przyswajanie umiej\u0119tno\u015bci kaligraficznych. Podj\u0119\u0142am si\u0119 nie\u0142atwego zadania, a poprzeczk\u0119 ustawi\u0142am sobie jeszcze wy\u017cej, upieraj\u0105c si\u0119, i\u017c wzorniki wszystkich omawianych styl\u00f3w pisma przygotuj\u0119 w\u0142asnor\u0119cznie \u2013 zadanie o tyle nie\u0142atwe, \u017ce niekt\u00f3re z nich musia\u0142am sobie przyswoi\u0107 specjalnie na potrzeby tej publikacji. I cho\u0107 pocz\u0105tkowo spodziewa\u0142am si\u0119 opisa\u0107 najwy\u017cej kilkana\u015bcie styl\u00f3w pisma, ostatecznie zrobi\u0142a si\u0119 z tego ilo\u015b\u0107 zdecydowanie wi\u0119ksza \u2013 oko\u0142o czterdziestu wymienionych styl\u00f3w pisma, a ka\u017cdy z nich zilustrowany wzornikiem z pe\u0142nym alfabetem minusku\u0142 i majusku\u0142&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Litery s\u0105 cudem. Bez nich nie by\u0142oby \u015bwiata pod postaci\u0105, jak\u0105 znamy. Nasza wiedza o historii naszej cywilizacji i dawnych kultur bez liter by\u0142aby niepor\u00f3wnywalnie ubo\u017csza. Litery s\u0105 no\u015bnikiem my\u015bli, marze\u0144, idei zdolnym pokona\u0107 czas i&nbsp;przestrze\u0144. S\u0105 wspania\u0142ym narz\u0119dziem o pot\u0119\u017cnej mocy i tylko od nas zale\u017cy, w&nbsp;jaki spos\u00f3b z niego skorzystamy, zw\u0142aszcza w czasach, w kt\u00f3rych oddajemy kolejne sfery naszego \u017cycia wszechogarniaj\u0105cej cyfryzacji.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" src=\"https:\/\/ewalandowska.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/475987658_1133322124918552_1534078431313405985_n-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-672\" style=\"width:526px;height:auto\" srcset=\"http:\/\/ewalandowska.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/475987658_1133322124918552_1534078431313405985_n-1024x682.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/ewalandowska.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/475987658_1133322124918552_1534078431313405985_n-300x200.jpg 300w, http:\/\/ewalandowska.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/475987658_1133322124918552_1534078431313405985_n-768x512.jpg 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